English Language
Welcome to English Language AS/A-Level
What is the Investigation?
In preparation for this unit candidates need to study
how to:
• establish an appropriate context for language investigation
• use a variety of data collection methods
• transcribe spoken data where appropriate
• make sense of data using relevant linguistic methods and techniques evaluate and draw conclusions on the findings of the investigation
• present findings in an appropriate and accessible manner
• reference reading materials correctly.
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How to structure your investigation:
Introduction
• discussion of the reasons for choosing the focus of the study
• a hypothesis or research question (where appropriate)
• aim or aims.
Methodology
• an account of the methodology chosen for data selection
• problems (if any) encountered during the collection process.
Analysis
• analysis and interpretation of data using appropriate linguistic concepts
• critical consideration of the relevant concepts /issues surrounding the topic area
• analysis of the effects of key contextual influences upon the data.
Conclusion / Evaluation
• an evaluation of the success of the investigation including issues relating to methodology, interpretation of the conclusions drawn from the data and recommendations for further study (where relevant).
Bibliography
• a list of all sources used (paper and web-based).
Ideas to think about:
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An Investigation into the ways in which male and female writers covertly use gendered language in writing their ‘Dream Journey’ Original Writing.
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‘Bush for Brains’ An Investigation into how George Bush uses language to justify military action on Afghanistan.
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‘Transformers…Robots in Disguise’ An Investigation into the changes within children’s television programming over ten years.
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‘The writers and illustrators [of comics and books] portray their own ideas of the real or an ideal world, showing implicit discrimination by sex’ – Just Like a Girl, Sue Sharpe, Penguin, 1976. To what extent do the differences in language used in two children’s annuals written in 1963 portray such gender bias?
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‘Notorious Nanny in Child Death Shocker’ – An Investigation into how Judge Hiller Zobel’s summing up speech could have influenced the jury’s final verdict in the case of Louise Woodward.
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An Investigation into the content of teen magazines. Do they inform of the risks involved in sex or do they use sex as an entertainment strategy.
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An Investigation into the use of Politically Correct language. A comparison of Enid Blyton and J.K. Rowling.
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An Investigation into whether the presentation of the Royal Family in the press has changed from the 1950’s to the present day.
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‘Those Who Can…Teach’ – How do teachers use different linguistic techniques to command authority in the classroom.
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An Investigation into how the Middle East Crisis was reported in a Lebanese as opposed to an English newspaper on June 21st 2002.
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‘The Thatchill Speech’ – An Investigation into Margaret Thatcher’s 1982 Falkland and Winston Churchill’s June 1940 Battle of Dunkirk speeches.
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‘Ooh er…Missus…No!’How has Political Correctness changed language use in comedy movies, with reference to the ‘Carry On’ films from 1968 and 1992.
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How does Tony Soprano use language to try to retain power with the women in his life and gain power over his psychiatrist?
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‘Kung Fu Fighting in Saipan’ – How does the tabloid press attempt to influence public opinion when writing about national football teams?
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Graham Norton: Comedian or Chat Show Host? How does Graham Norton use language to create comedy within the chat show framework?
From Alan Thomas:
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Grandparents' language.
They were born in Jamaica, are black and speak BVE. Grandmother's job in UK involved more talking with British people; grandfather worked in a mill. Aim was to look at style change, i.e. choices from speech repertoire as they both spoke about childhood. Assumption was that they were more self-conscious at the start of the taping, and more relaxed at the end. To what extent did they style-shift, how, and were there differences between them that might be linked to gender?
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1908 news feature on the future of the monarchy; comparable text published at the time of the Queen Mother's death. Similarities and differences?Why?
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Teachers' comments on A-Level work from Humanities and Sciences. Treated as the final part of IRF exchanges. Differences and similarities? Why? (Gender angle considered but poor data for this, so abandoned.)
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(For weak student): agony aunts' replies in a range of female magazines, in the context of creating a persona appropriate for the target readership.
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Football commentating: professional treatment of parts of a match, contrasted with amateurs covering the same events (BSky B, I think.)
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The ability of a four, five and six-year old to re-tell the story of The Lion King video.
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Asian family talking at home: code switching and mixing - individual repertoires related to social history, triggers for choice of main language (defined as underlying grammar), nature of switching and mixing.
From Paul Barnes
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Has text messaging changed society, language and communication?
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How language varies with age and generation.
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The different linguistic features apparent in radio and television rugby
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commentaries.
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A study of Estuary English.
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The language of 'Only Fools and Horses.'
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The language of the Sixth Form Common Room.
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The 'opening language' of women's magazine advertising.
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A study of the Luton accent and dialect.
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Language differences between football reports in 1932, 1952, 2001.
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Drama's debt to Greece for its technical terms.
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Three pieces of military oratory from three wars.
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How different London attractions are sold by their publicity.
From Norman Madden
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Talking Text: A study of emerging language forms in text messages and on Internet Relay Chat [a highly technical and detailed study by a very able student]
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Teacher-pupil interaction: a study of two English teachers taking lessons with year 7 and year 11 classes – the student investigated the different language strategies used by the teachers to deal with students of different ages.
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Has there been a change in female conversational behaviour since the studies carried out in the seventies and eighties?
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Gender differences: investigating the social conversation of small mixed groups of five year olds and fifteen year olds.
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The use of regional accents in television advertisements.
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How does the language of 6th formers vary between the common-room and classroom situations?
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Who actually interrupts more in conversations, males or females?
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An investigation into the use of minimal responses and interruptions in male and female conversational behaviour.
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Speech and language disorders and the effect they have on children’s interaction skills and behaviour.
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An investigation into the language differences between males and females in Year 7
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Do male 4 or 5 year olds show more authority in their speech than female 4 or 5 year olds?
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An investigation into gender differences in caretaker/caregiver speech.
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Comparing persuasive and rhetorical features in the speeches of two party leaders: Tony Blair and John Major at their party conferences in 1996.
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The language of TV weather reports [a weak project in the end]
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Comparing the language used in feature articles in magazines aimed at women and magazines aimed at teenage girls.
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How is power displayed in the language of political interviews on radio?
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The language of sports articles in the tabloid and broadsheet press.
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What the language of articles in New Musical Express and The Melody Maker tells us about the target audience for these papers.
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How language varies in the coverage of the same news story in the press and in radio and TV journalism.
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A comparison of narrative writing by year 7 and year 10 pupils.
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The balance of spoken and written features in text messages.
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The conversational nature of chat room exchanges
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A comparison of the conversational behaviour of young adult speakers in single-sex and mixed-sex conversations.
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Investigation of contemporary attitudes and responses to swearing: are there gender differences in the use of and responses to swearing?
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How a male teacher modifies his language to suit classes of different ages in order to maintain authority and power in the classroom.
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How do two stand-up comedians exploit language to make us laugh? [study of routines by Jasper Carrott and Eddie Izzard]
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What are the linguistic features of jokes which aim to ridicule or stigmatise certain social groups?
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The representation of political leaders in broadsheet newspapers.
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The language of charity advertising.
From AQA, via Norman Madden
Every year, the exam board makes all staff teaching the course assess a sample of previous coursework investigations. Below I list the topics covered in the last few years. WARNING: some of these topics are too generalised and lack a specific language focus so the final marks were low but they do indicate some of the range of possible things to investigate.
2003
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Investigation into the Language of Radio Telephony in General Aviation
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The Writer’s Bench – an investigation into the jargon and mannerisms within a subculture (study of an internet forum created for graffiti artists)
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Investigating gender differences in male and female text messages
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An Investigation of the Development of Children’s Writing between Year 3 and Year 6
2001
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An Investigation exploring the language features in female single-sex conversations
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The Language of Romance: a comparison of the language of romance in Pride and Prejudice (1813), At the Villa Massina (1958), The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous (1993)
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Comparison of the language devices used to create humour in Pulp Fiction and Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels
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What evidence is there to show that gender differences in language are present at an early age? A study of the language of two 3 year olds, one boy and one girl.
2000
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An investigation into the Child Language Acquisition of a Three Year Old and a Five Year Old
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How do speakers adapt their language when speaking to an adult with learning difficulties?
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Language Use in Internet Chat Rooms
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Yorkshire Dialect – Are We Running Out of Time to Save It?
1999
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Social class as portrayed through the language of popular soaps
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The command styles of the four Star Trek captains
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Fresh legs here! An examination of my own market stall patter
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Analysis of Internet language
1998
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Comparison of two TV adaptations of Pride and Prejudice with the original
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Is playground talk in 8 year olds different from classroom language and how far does teacher talk affect classroom language?
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Translation – comparison of different translations of the same text by two people with different levels of expertise in the two languages
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A comparison of the language of Pride and Prejudice and Pemberley [ a ‘sequel’ to the Jane Austen book written by a modern novelist]
1997
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Analysis of language use in children’s books – comparing how the language of two books is targeted at the child audience
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The language of A Clockwork Orange
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The Language of Teenage Girls’ Magazines
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Ideology and the Sun newspaper